Abstract

The dynamic portrait Yellowstone`s volcano in the form of a detailed analysis of the key parameters in real time is represent. Important preliminary conclusions: active volcanoes energetically open systems with the strong influence of outward astrophysical components, primarily solar fluxes of muons and neutrinos. It is necessary to take into account the forecast of their activity. Astrophysical component is one of the main mechanisms of synchronization super volcano activity. Similar to the Earth, the Solar system is also prone to volcanoes synchronizing effects astrophysical components, i.e. the solar system has a common general geophysical rhythms. Now we are analyzing more interesting processes and new data

Keywords

1. Muons
2. neutrinos
3. caldera
4. spectra
5. fluxes
6. volcano

Analysis of JPS data on the state of the caldera

A set of data on deformations is a long time, so their statistical processing is of considerable interest. Previously, according to seismic acoustic noise and seismic waves from earthquakes, a statistical analysis of the dynamic processes in the caldera was obtained. No less promising is and the work on the study of other parameters, especially deformations. In Fig. 1 shows the JPS record of the Z-component in the volcano's caldera over the last 15 years and their spectra (Figure 2).

Fig.1. JPS Z - a record in the caldera for 15 years with pronounced periodicities and perturbations. Even the simplest processing of JPS Z records in the caldera for 15 years - spectral analysis, seems very promising (Figure 2).

Figure 1: JPS Z - a record in the caldera for 15 years with pronounced periodicities and perturbations.

Figure 2: The spectrum of the Z-component of the super volcano caldera periodicities from JPS with a duration of ~ 15 years.

An important result of spectral analysis (Figure 2) is that the main, most powerful deformation peak is 11.2 years, and this coincides well with the solar activity cycle. Consequently, the explosion or powerful activation of the volcano caused by vertical Z deformations of the medium is most likely at the time of the 11.2-year maximum of solar activity. Accordingly, it is possible to clarify the forecast of caldera activity for the present time, when the Sun is at the maximum of activity, which is reflected in the activity of the volcano (Figure 3). At the same time, this means that the super volcano is an open energy system.

Figure 3: An example of cycles of solar activity (the current cycle is 24), according to the data of the Izm Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Figure 4: The function of sliding correlation (FSC) between the Z component of variations of deformations in the caldera and the solar flux in a 10% window.

As experts from the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences note, one of the most interesting features of the 24th cycle is an unusually large number of complexes of active regions (KAO), an intermediate structure between active regions (AO) and activity complexes. At 1 VIII of 2012 74 KAO included 175 JSCs. That is, at present the super-volcano according to the JPS data (Figures 1,2) will be in a state of continuous activation. (This is continuously confirmed by the INTERNET information). The question arises - how widely the geographic spread of the influence of the sun on other active geophysical objects. Such a strong connection requires more detailed research (Figure 4).

The correlation coefficient is K> -0.8, with a significance greater than P = 0.999, reflects a strong coupling of the neutrino flux with the solar, more precisely muons, but in anti phase (negative), since the solar flux is determined by the photosphere and the layers bordering it, and the neutrino is formed in the central zone of the Sun . And also because of the existence of the decay of muons with the formation of neutrinos, that is, the growth of neutrinos is accompanied by the decay of muons. This logic is based on the previously discovered effect of anomalous radioisotope absorption (ANRI), which allowed to better understand many natural processes and plan new experiments [1]. For example, the determination of the cross section for the capture of a neutrino by a radioisotope using the Cavendish pendulum [2]. In general, in addition to the Yellowstone volcano, a special study of US volcanoes and their relationship to astrophysical processes is necessary. For this, it is necessary to create a specific scheme for the effect of neutrino and muons fluxes, taking into account the ANRI effect on the elements of the volcano [3] (Figure 5).

The seismic response of volcanic structures on the effect of muons and neutrino fluxes.

The simplest scheme of effects (Fig. 5).The elements of the scheme are not static in time. So the flow of muons with a light speed, depending on the energy, can penetrate into the volcanic structures to depths of 1000 m, during the decay and interaction with the medium, create a volumetric picture of point hot disintegration and interaction points. In addition, because of the decays, the solar neutrino flux is increased and a virtual three-dimensional network of radioactive points is formed, with which the neutrino flux will interact. When interacting throughout the depth of the penetration of muons, a three-dimensional layer of the geological medium saturated with hot points of muons decays is formed. As a result, a seismic pulse will appear in this layer, the thickness of which in the framework of nonlinear seismology is determined by the flux density (muons / cm2 sec), muons energy, and seismic efficiency, transformation of the decay energy into thermal and elastic pulses [4-6].

It is also necessary to make an amendment to the influence of modern civilization - the rapid development of nuclear technology, nuclear power plants (NPP) and other. Part of the energy of the nuclear reactor (~ 10%) is converted into an antineutrino flux. Taking into account the directional pattern, 3-5% of the energy of the antineutrino of the reactor affects the radioactive structures of the Earth, that is, the heat flux of the Earth is enhanced as well as the induced seismicity.

Assessment of neutrino and muons flues effects on the volcanoLet us estimate the effect of neutrino fluxes on a volcano using the formula P = 1/3 × ρ × V2 where P is the pressure, ρ is the particle flux density, V is the flow velocity. We assume that the neutrino (antineutrino) energy is 10 MeV, then, estimating the neutrino mass, we obtain 1.8 × 10-29 kg (E = mC2). Taking into account that the neutrino flux from the Sun is 6 × 1014 N / m2 × s and V = C, we get P ~ 3 × 102 Newton / m2. Then, at the Yellowstone volcano caldera area S = 1010m2 and the interaction cross section with the neutrino σ = 10-10 F = P × S × σ, we obtain the force action F ~ 3 × 102 Newton. The muons fluxes are estimated at ~ 10-2 / m2 and are absorbed to depths of ~ 1000 m, the force action is estimated at the caldera F ~ 108 Newton. During flashes on the Sun, the muons flux increases by 2 orders of magnitude and becomes the main impact on the caldera.

Figure 5: Typical structure of the super volcano (Yellowstone) in the activation phase and the scheme of astrophysical effects. I is the structure of the near-surface layer of the caldera, in which muons decay and the flux of muons neutrinos occur: 1. Surface primer; 2. Fractured igneous rock; 3. Consolidated basalt. Flow of astrophysical particles: 4. Flow of solar neutrinos; 5. Flow of muons neutrinos; 6. Flow of atmospheric muons.

If the medium is in a stressed state (pressure of magmatic gases) then the efficiency increases several times. Another similar seismic impulse will arise in deep consolidated radioactive structures directly under the caldera of the volcano due to interaction with the total flux of neutrinos (solar + muons) as in [1, 2, 4-6]. Such radiation seismic exists as an independent element in the wave pattern of super volcanoes, imposes its rhythmic activity (Figure 1-3). This feature is quite new and not yet taken into account in modern studies [7], which contains 26 articles that form a representative section of modern research on volcanic instability on Earth and on other bodies of the Solar System. The articles concern modern problems and solutions to the development of volcanic instability within the solar system. Other works focus on various ways in which a volcanic structure can be destabilized and the experience of destroying such a structure. Processes associated with instability on specific volcanoes or volcanic areas, including Mars and Venus [7], are discussed. The observed dependence of the volcano on solar activity (Figure 1, 2, 4) makes it promising to search for high-frequency seismic vibrations in the spectrum of caldera noise, which coincide with the frequencies of the Sun's own oscillations [8], (Table 1). Spectral analysis confirmed these expectations (Figure 6,7).

The spectral peaks (Figure 6) coincide well with the periods of solar oscillations: 22.8 (22.30 p4; i = 2) min., 6.8 (6.84 p16; i = 2) min.

The spectral peaks (Figure 7) also coincide well with the periods of solar oscillations: 12.8 (12.77 p7; i = 3) min., 9.52 (9.54 p11; i = 2) min.

Such a coincidence of the spectral peaks of seismic noise of the caldera on the X, Z-components, taking into account the coincidence data for the 11.2-year period of solar and super-volcanic activity, allow us to conclude that the Sun plays a significant role in the formation of volcanic activity in the form of seismicity. Previously, solar influence was discovered due to the ANRI effect in the seismic wave (Earth's oscillations [1]) and seismic-emission fields in the study of tidal effects [9].

Mode	Period, min.
	l=0	l=1	l=2	l=3	l=4
p1	62.29	57.25	42.50	39.53	37.58
p2	40.94	36.9В	32.19	29.42	27.62
p3	30.93	27.88	25.09	23.21	21.92
p4	24.49	22.30	20.52	19.26	18.31
p5	20.19	18.68	17.39	16.44	15.72
p6	17.17	16.04	1540	14.38	13.81
p7	14.98	14.08	13.35	12.77	12.32
p8	13.21	12.55	11.97	11.51	1144
p9	14.86	11.34	10.87	10.49	1048
p10	10.78	10.35	9.97	9.65	9.39
p11	9.90	9.54	9.21	8.94	8.71
p12	9.15	8.84	8.56	8.32	841
p13	8.50	8.23	7.99	7.78	7.60
p14	7.94	7.71	7.49	7.31	7.15
p15	7.45	7.25	7.06	6.89	6.75
p16	7.02	6.84	6.67	6.52	6.39
p17	6.64	6.47	6.32	6.18	6.06
p18	6.29	6.14	6.00	5.87	5.77
p19	5.98	5.84	5.71	5.60	5.50
p20	5.69	5.56	5.45	5.34	5.25

Figure 6: The spectrum of seismic noise of the caldera, Z - component.

For further investigation of solar-volcanic relations, the latest results were used to record the effect of muons and neutrinos on the geological environment including in the volcanic zone by recording and comparing the temperature of the super volcano caldera by the temperature of water objects. Temperature variations were observed in the Valley of Geysers of the Yellowstone Volcano (point 6036940) in comparison with the variations of Kp indices.

Observations of temperature in the Valley of Geysers of the Yellowstone volcano in the stream (point 6036940) were conducted from January 2010 to the present. Correspondingly, the solar Kp indices were recorded for 75 days to 22. 07. 2017. with a discreteness of 3 hours, (Figure 8)

Figure 7: The spectrum of seismic noise of the caldera, Z - component.

Figure 8: The graph of Kp in the caldera region from 07.05 to 22.07. 2017

Fig.8. The graph of Kp in the caldera region from 07.05 to 22.07. 2017 Next, variations in the temperature of the valley of the geysers in the stream (point 6036940) at the same time (time in UT) were considered, that the Kp indices, (Figure 9). Temporal variations of the Kp-index and temperature in the stream (Figure 8,9) served as a material for statistical analysis (Figure 10).

A certain FSC between Kp indexes and temperature variations in the valley of geysers has some peculiarities (Figure 10). The maximum correlation coefficient ranges from K = -0.752 in the 5% window to -0.849 for 10 days to K = + 0.613 for 44 days with the filtered function of water temperature variations (more than 30 independent points, significance P> 0.99). This means a physically significant correlation, especially with negative correlation coefficients. The positive relationship is due to the direct effect of solar and astrophysical processes (reflected in the K-indices), the negative - probably the general dependence of all processes in the caldera from the Kp-indices.

Figure 9: Variations in the temperature of the valley of geysers in the stream (point 6036940) at the same time (time according to UT) that Kp indices.

Figure 10: The function of sliding correlation (FSC) between Kp indexes and temperature variations in the valley of geysers

Conclusions

1. Active volcanoes are energetically open systems with a strong influence of the external astrophysical component, which must be taken into account when predicting their activity.
2. The astrophysical component is one of the main mechanisms for synchronizing the activity of super volcanoes.
3. Similar to the terrestrial, the volcanoes of the solar system are also subject to the synchronizing effects of the astrophysical component.
4. The astrophysical effect of super-volcano is also manifested in the periodicities of caldera deformations, the spectra of seismic fields and thermal processes.
5. Accordance modern time there is necessary take into account influence stream antineutrino from nuclear station on nature.